Physical Activity and Psychological Resilience in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Older adults face numerous unfavorable functional changes caused by aging, but many exhibit resilience, which helps them cope with challenges. Physical activity is positively associated with resilience. Therefore, this systematic literature review aimed to uncover the relationships between physical activity and resilience in older adults. We have analyzed three freely and openly available databases: (a) PubMed/Medline, (b) ScienceDirect, and (c) Google Scholar, which yielded 20 eligible articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most studies (14) were cross-sectional, three were longitudinal, and three others used mindfulness-based or endurance-enhancing physical activity interventions. Their results revealed increased resilience even after short-duration and low-frequency interventions. Cross-sectional research results also support the positive relationship between physical activity and resilience in older adults, suggesting that the relationship might depend on exercise volume. Still, further research is needed to design interventions, understand the mechanism(s) involved in altering resilience, and maximize physical activity's benefits in aging people.

Effects of extracurricular martial arts practice on the trait of anger among boys and girls aged 9-12 years old / Efectos de la práctica de artes marciales en el ámbito extraescolar sobre el rasgo de ira de niños y niñas entre 9 y 12 años

Nowadays, aggression in children is an alarming problem and there are more and more programs carried out with students in order to reduce violence and aggressive behaviour. Martial arts have been used, on occasions, in these programs due to the values of respect and self-control that give it. However, they have not always obtained the expected results. The purpose of this paper is to observe is martial arts like judo and karate are a successful method to decrease anger levels in children. To evaluate this, a quasi-experimental longitudinal study during a period of 6 months in which 82 children took part, divided in a control group and an experimental group (karate and judo). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children and Adolescents (STAXI-NA) was used. Meaningful differences were found only in some of the anger components, between anger-in expression pre-tests of the control and experimental group and between anger-out expression pre-tests and post-tests of the karate group. The results obtained in this study suggest that the martial arts training has no effect about global anger management in children students. Common aspects are pointed out in interventions that have decreased the levels of anger (traditional aspects, design of a specific program, subjects with behavior problems, school context) and it is shown with the results obtained, how a habitual intervention carried out in a context of sports clubs, in a normal population and without a specific program, have difficulties in reducing the anger of the participants (AU)

Hoy en día la agresión en los/as niños/as es un problema preocupante, donde se ha utilizado en algunos programas, las artes marciales para disminuir los niveles de violencia, debido a los valores de respeto y autocontrol que se le otorgan. Sin embargo, no siempre se ha obtenido los resultados esperados. El objetivo de este artículo es observar si las artes marciales, como el judo y el karate, son un método adecuado para disminuir los niveles de ira en los/as niños/as. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal cuasi-experimental durante un período de seis meses en el que participaron 82 niños/as, divididos en grupo control y experimental (kárate y judo). Fue utilizado el Inventario de Expresión de Ira Estado-Rasgo para Niños y Adolescentes (STAXI-NA). Se encontraron diferencias significativas sólo en algunos de los componentes de ira, en las pruebas previas de expresión de ira del grupo control y experimental, y en las pruebas previas y posteriores de expresión de ira del grupo de karate. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio sugieren que el entrenamiento en artes marciales no tiene efecto sobre la gestión global de la ira en niños/as. Se señalan aspectos comunes en las intervenciones que han disminuido los niveles de ira (aspectos tradicionales, diseño de un programa específico, sujetos con problemas de conducta, contexto escolar) y se muestra con los resultados obtenidos, cómo una intervención habitual realizada en un contexto de club deportivo, en una población normal y sin un programa específico, tienen dificultades para reducir la ira de los participantes (AU)

Dimensions of passion and their relationship to the risk of exercise addiction: Cultural and gender differences.

This study was performed to investigate further the two-dimensional aspect of passion and its relationship to the risk of exercise addiction (REA) in nine nations and to clarify the unresolved gender differences. The here reported results stem from the reanalysis of data gathered in three previous empirical studies. The analyses demonstrated that harmonious (HP) and obsessive (OP) passion are two independent, non-interacting predictors of the REA, the prevalence of which was 12.1 % in the current sample that included 1448 people (age = 30.49 ± SD = 11.17 years; 55 % men), who exercised at least three hours per week. Furthermore, the results show that HP and OP could co-exist as a single 'total' or 'true' passion within the individual or in high-low HP and OP proportions, supporting the proposal for one, two-dimensional passion. Indeed, most people at REA demonstrated both high HP and high OP. The weekly amount of exercise was weakly associated with the two dimensions of passion. Relatively specific cultural differences in the REA and OP, but not HP, have emerged. The results also demonstrate that when a minimal weekly volume of training (i.e., 3 h) is a criterion for participant recruitment, no gender differences occur in the REA.

It Is Not Just Stress: A Bayesian Approach to the Shape of the Negative Psychological Features Associated with Sport Injuries.

The main objective of this study is to extend the stress and injury model of Andersen and Williams to other "negative" psychological variables, such as anxiety and depression, encompassed in the conceptual model of Olmedilla and García-Mas. The relationship is studied of this psychological macro-variable with two other variables related to sports injuries: the search for social support and the search for connections between risk and the environment of athletes. A combination of classic methods and probabilistic approaches through Bayesian networks is used. The study samples comprised 455 traditional and indoor football players (323 male and 132 female) of an average age of 21.66 years (±4.46). An ad hoc questionnaire was used for the corresponding sociodemographic data and data relating to injuries. The variables measured were the emotional states of: stress, depression and anxiety, the attitude towards risk-taking in different areas, and the evaluation of the perception of social support. The results indicate that the probabilistic analysis conducted gives a boost to the classic model focused on stress, as well as the conceptual planning derived from the Global Model of Sports Injuries (GMSI), supporting the possibility of extending the stress model to other variables, such as anxiety and depression ("negative" triad).

Impact of 'last experience' on affect after exercise reaching the anaerobic threshold: A laboratory investigation / Impacto de la 'última experiencia' sobre el afecto después del ejercicio que alcanza el umbral anaeróbico: Una investigación de laboratorio / Impacto da 'última experiência' no afeto após o exercício atingindo o limiar anaeróbio: Uma investigação laboratorial

The affective benefits of a single bout of exercise are widely reported, but several factors influence the affect measured after exercise. One is the last experiencelinked to the exercise session. In this laboratory study, we manipulated progressive treadmill exercise to ventilatory threshold by using cognitive tasks during and immediately after the exercise whenwe gauged affect and compared it to pre-exercise baseline. We assumed that the affective responses after exercise would mirror feeling states associated with the very last experience(i.e., the cognitive task) rather than exercise. We examined a total of 53 athletes assigned to exercise or no-exercise control group. In addition to heart rates, positive and negative affect, feeling state, and perceived arousal were measured before and after the intervention. The results revealed substantial improvements in affect in both groups, based on large effect sizes. The lack of difference in the dependent measures between the exercise and no-exercise control group may suggest that both groups responded to the same last experience (i.e., cognitive task), and the effects of exercise and sitting (control) were wiped out. These findings imply that pre-to post-intervention exercise investigations testing the psychological benefits of a single bout of exercise may not measure what they intend to measure, but merely the affective responses to the last experience or event before answering the questionnaire(s). In brief, many hundreds of studies' internal reliability, employing the pre/post protocols, may be questionable. (AU)

Los beneficios a nivel emocional de un solo período de entrenamiento han sido ampliamente estudiados, pero su efecto medido después del entrenamiento está influenciado por varios factores. Uno de ellos es la última experiencia vinculada a la sesión de entrenamiento. En este estudio de laboratorio se manipula, mediante el empleo de tareas cognitivas, el ejercicio progresivo en cinta de correr hasta alcanzar el umbral ventilatorio. Tanto durante como inmediatamente después del ejercicio se evalúa la respuesta afectiva y se compara con la línea basal previa al ejercicio. Se espera que las respuestas emocionales después del ejercicio reflejarán los estados afectivos asociados con la última experiencia (es decir, la tarea cognitiva), en lugar de con el ejercicio. Además de la frecuencia cardíaca, se evaluaron un total 53 atletas asignados al grupo experimental de ejercicio o al control sin ejercicio. Se midieron el estado afectivo positivo y negativo, el estado de sentimiento, y la excitación percibida, tanto antes como después de la intervención. Los resultados revelaron mejoras sustanciales en el estado afectivo en ambos grupos, mostrando grandes tamaños del efecto. La falta de diferencia en las variables dependientes entre el grupo experimental y el control sugiere que ambos grupos respondieron de manera similar a la última experiencia, es decir a la tarea cognitiva, eliminando los efectos del ejercicio realizado. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos son muy relevantes puesto que prueban que los resultados de los estudios realizados hasta el momento sobre los beneficios psicológicos de un solo período de ejercicio pueden no medir lo que pretenden, sino simplemente las respuestas afectivas y emocionales a la última experiencia o evento antes de responder el cuestionario que se suele aplicar. (AU)

Os benefícios emocionais de um único período de treinamento têm sido amplamente estudados, mas seu efeito medido após o treinamentoé influenciado por vários fatores. Uma delas é a última experiência vinculada ao treinamento. Neste estudo laboratorial, o exercício progressivo em esteira é manipulado por meio de tarefas cognitivas até que o limiar ventilatório seja atingido. Durante e imediatamente após o exercício, a resposta afetiva é avaliada e comparada com a linha de base antes do exercício. Espera-se que as respostas emocionais após o exercício reflitam os estados afetivos associados à última experiência (ou seja, a tarefa cognitiva), ao invés do exercício. Além da frequência cardíaca, um total de 53 atletas designados para o grupo de exercício experimental ou o grupo de controle sem exercício foram avaliados. Estado afetivo positivo e negativo, estado de sentimento e excitação percebida foram medidos antes e depois da intervenção. Os resultados revelaram melhorias substanciais no status afetivo em ambos os grupos, mostrando grandes tamanhos de efeito. A ausência de diferença nas variáveis dependentes entre os grupos experimental e controle sugere que ambos os grupos responderam de forma semelhante à última experiência, ou seja, à tarefa cognitiva, eliminando os efeitos do exercício realizado. As implicações desses achados são muito relevantes, pois comprovam que os resultados dos estudos realizados até o momento sobre os benefícios psicológicos de um único período de exercício podem não medir o que pretendem, mas simplesmente as respostas afetivas e emocionais à última experiência ou antes de responder ao questionário normalmente aplicado. Em resumo, a confiabilidade interna de centenas de estudos que empregam protocolos pré-pós na análise da resposta afetiva em condições de treinamento pode ser questionável. (AU)

Could attitudes toward COVID-19 in Spain render men more vulnerable than women?

The COVID-19 pandemic affects the whole world. Spain is 5th in the world and 3rd in Europe with the largest number of diagnosed cases. Spanish citizens' attitudes are important in controlling the pandemic. This research assessed attitudes of Spaniards toward COVID-19 in two studies. One (n = 64) was conducted in a shopping centre in Madrid and another (n = 640) online. The results of both studies suggest that women in Spain have a 'more responsible' attitude toward the COVID-19 than men. Young adults (18-25 years) scored lower on compliance with safety measures and perceived need to stay home than older adults. In Study 1, level of compliance, knowing someone at risk, and knowing someone infected predicted 31.2% of the variance in the perceived need to stay home. In Study 2, personal concern, level of compliance, keeping distance from others, and perceived social alarm predicted 28.5% of the variance in perceived need to stay home. Regardless of age and/or gender, Spanish people's personal concern about COVID-19 was less than their perceived social alarm about it. These results might help policy makers in considering public attitudes which could play an important role in controlling the current, and possibly a second, wave of COVID-19.

Personality, Coping Strategies, and Mental Health in High-Performance Athletes During Confinement Derived From the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 outbreak has affected the sports field unprecedentedly. The emergency alert has deprived athletes of training in a suitable environment, as they are faced with cancellations of relevant events in their sports careers. This situation can cause stress levels and other emotional disorders similar to those experienced by athletes during periods of injury. Since the relationship between psychological factors and sports injuries is well-studied, the Global Psychological Model of Sports Injury (MGPLD) is applied to this historical situation for athletes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between perfectionism and trait anxiety with indicators of mental health (mood, depression, state anxiety, and stress) in high-performance athletes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to explore the coping strategies that athletes have applied and whether they are perceived as useful for managing negative emotional states. A cross-sectional study was conducted through online questionnaires during April 2020, adapting the Psychological Assessment Protocol of the High-Performance Sports Center of Murcia (Spain), to assess the psychological effects of confinement in a cross-cultural sample of 310 athletes (141 women and 169 men) from different countries in Europe, Asia, and America, and from diverse sports disciplines. The protocol comprised six instruments that test perfectionism, trait anxiety, mood states, stress, depression, coping strategies, and sleep. It was answered online via Google Forms. The results show that maladaptive perfectionism was related to all the indicators of athletes' mental health. However, athletes' levels of anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms are relatively low, and the use of coping strategies such as cognitive restructuring and emotional calm was associated with lower levels of negative emotional states. Besides, the Iceberg Profile, a suitable fit for the mental health model, is observed in the mood of athletes, both in men and in women, although women showed higher levels of anxiety, stress, and depression than men. A strong relationship was observed between maladaptive perfectionism and martial arts sports discipline, superior to other sports. In short, it can be concluded that high-performance athletes in the studied sample showed negative emotional state values below the expected average. Finally, the proposals for practical applications of the results collected are discussed.

Traducción y adaptación al inglés de un cuestionario para determinar la predisposición psicológica del futbolista lesionado / Translation and adaptation to English of a questionnaire to determine the Psychological readiness of the injured football player / Tradução e adaptação ao inglês de um questionário para determinar a predisposição psicológica do jogador lesionado Resumo

Diferentes estudios han mostrado que una mala predisposición psicológica del deportista lesionado podría dificultar su retorno a los entrenamientos. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en traducir y adaptar del castellano al inglés el cuestionario de predisposición psicológica para deportistas lesionados. Se utilizó una metodología de traducción-retrotraducción con traductores nativos y expertos en el campo de la recuperación de lesiones. Los traductores encontraron una equivalencia conceptual alta entre ambas versiones, así como un nivel de dificultad para su traducción bajo. El cuestionario PRIA-RS se presenta como una versión válida conceptual y contextualmente cuyo uso a nivel internacional, gracias a esta nueva versión en inglés, podría verse incrementado

Different studies have shown that a bad psychological predisposition of the injured athlete could hinder his return to training. The aim of this work was to translate and adapt the questionnaire of psychological predisposition for injured athletes from Spanish to English. A translation-backtranslation methodology was used with native translator and experts in the field of injury recovery. The translators found a high conceptual equivalence between both versions, as well as a low level of difficulty for their translation. The PRIA-RS questionnaire is presented as a conceptually and contextually valid version. Its use at the international level, thanks to this new version in English, could be increased

Diferentes estudos mostraram que uma má predisposição psicológica do atleta lesionado poderia dificultar seu retorno ao treinamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi traduzir e adaptar o questionário de predisposição psicológica para atletas lesionados do espanhol para o inglês. Uma metodologia de tradução de tradução reversa foi usada com tradutores nativos e especialistas no campo da recuperação de lesões. Os tradutores encontraram uma alta equivalência conceitual entre as duas versões, bem como um nível de dificuldade para sua baixa tradução. O questionário PRIA-RS é apresentado como uma versão conceitual e contextualmente válida, cuja utilização em nível internacional, graças a essa nova versão em inglês, poderia ser aumentada

Influencia del estado emocional en el rendimiento: estudio experimental / Emotional state influence on performance: experimental study / Influência do estado emocional no desempenho: estudo experimental

OBJETIVO: El presente estudio pretende conocer la influencia que ejerce el estado emocional y la manipulación afectiva en el rendimiento deportivo, de forma experimental. MÉTODO: 126 deportistas universitarios (Medad = 22.79; DT = 4.46), 54 mujeres (42.86%) y 7.78 años de experiencia deportiva (DT = 3.20), participaron en este estudio que midió el optimismo (LOT-R) y el estado emocional (POMS-VIC) antes y después de realizar un test experimental mediante dinamómetro manual digital TKK-5401. RESULTADOS: Al considerar los diferentes grupos (género, experiencia, nivel, optimismo y grupo experimental), destaca la no aparición de diferencias significativas (pre-post). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados demuestran que tanto estado emocional como las manipulaciones afectivas modifican el rendimiento. En concreto, las manipulaciones afectivas, ligeramente negativas, aumentan significativamente el rendimiento obtenido en la tarea

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to experimentally determine the influence of the emotional state and the emotional manipulation in sports performance. METHOD: 126 college athletes (Mage = 22.79; DT = 4.46), 54 women (42.86%) y 7.78 year of sports experience (DT = 3.20), participated in this study, which measured optimism (LOT-R) and emotional state (POMS-VIC) before and after performing an experimental test using digital manual dynamometer TKK-5401. RESULTS: Considering the different groups (gender, experience, level, optimism and experimental group), it emphasizes the non-appearance of significant differences (pre-post). CONCLUSIONS: Results have shown both the emotional state and the effective manipulations modify the performance slightly negative emotional manipulations significantly increase the yield obtained in the task

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem como objetivo conhecer a influência exercida pelo estado emocional e manipulação afetiva no desempenho esportivo, de forma experimental. MÉTODO: 126 atletas universitários (idade = 22.79, DP = 4.46), 54 mulheres (42.86%) e 7.78 anos de experiência esportiva (DP = 3.20), participaram deste estudo que mediu otimismo (LOT-R) e estado emocional (POMS-VIC) antes e depois de realizar um teste experimental usando um dinamômetro digital manual TKK-5401. RESULTADOS: Ao considerar os diferentes grupos (gênero, experiência, nível, otimismo e grupo experimental), destaca-se o não aparecimento de diferenças significativas (pré-pós). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram que tanto o estado emocional quanto as manipulações afetivas modificam o desempenho. Em particular, as manipulações afetivas, levemente negativas, aumentam significativamente o desempenho obtido na tarefa

Competitive Psychological Disposition and Perception of Performance in Young Female Soccer Players.

The athletes' psychological disposition is a factor that is increasingly considered by researchers as a key to sports performance, even as a mediator between the physical, technical and tactical abilities of the athlete and their competitive performance, thus acquiring great relevance in training and in sports performance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the psychological characteristics of young soccer players and their relation to their performance perception, made both by the player herself and by their coaches. The sample is composed of 108 women (M age = 15.53, SD age = 1.05), with ages between 13 and 17 years (13 years, n = 1, 14 years, n = 18, 15 years, n = 36, 16 years, n = 29, 17 years, n = 24), and with a sport practice experience of 7.27 years on average (SD = 2.64). For to address this aim, we used the Psychological Characteristics related to the Sport Performance Questionnaire (CPRD) and the Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS). In addition, regarding the evaluation of performance perception, an ad hoc short questionnaire was created, composed by one question addressed to the player and one directed to the coach. The results indicate that the group of players of the under-16 category obtained higher scores in all the psychological dimensions than the U-18 players, showing significant differences in Team Cohesion (p < 0.048). Regarding the degree of congruence between the player's psychological features, and the player's and coach's performance perceptions, the results show statistically significant and negative correlations between the Team Cohesion factor and the athlete's own outcome perception for the match #1 (rxy = -0.479; p < 0.001), and match #2 (rxy = -0.402; p < 0.01). The results of this study may contribute to establish the differences between different constellations of psychological characteristics according to the categories of competition and their relationship with the perception of performance. This knowledge can be used by sports professionals: coaches, psychologists, physical educators, etc., in order to help athletes to reach their maximum performance.

Psychophysiological response to the use of nuclear, biological and chemical equipment with military tasks.

The current military training requires the development and optimization of different strategies to improve performance in extreme conditions as well as the possible risk of suffering attacks with chemical and/ or radioactive substances. It turns out mandatory to research the psychophysiological response of soldiers and sanitary personnel when wearing the nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) equipment. A longitudinal prospective experimental quantitative study has been developed, using a pre-treatment and post-treatment design. A total of 20 soldiers (33.3 ±â€¯5.4 years), belonging to the Spanish Armed Forces have been analyzed, divided into two groups, when carrying out different training activities designed to that effect. The following variables were analyzed right before and after accomplishing the different tasks: heart rate, heart variability, thermoregulation, blood glucose, explosive strength, perceived effort and motion performance in a munitioning task. The results showed a significant increase (p < 05) in heart rate, blood glucose, perceived effort and the time required when developing the triage tasks and when putting a tourniquet on other person in the group wearing NBC equipment compared to the other group, as well as a longer time required in a munitioning task. These results highlight the importance of training and preparing the sanitary and military personnel in the use of NBC equipment.

Obsessive and harmonious passion in physically active Spanish and Hungarian men and women: A brief report on cultural and gender differences.

Increased research on passion in exercise calls for direct examination of possible moderating variables, such as culture and gender, that could influence the interpretation of the research results. This study using a nation by gender between-participants design, examined differences in obsessive- and harmonious passion in Spanish and Hungarian physically active individuals. Participants (n = 1002) completed the Passion Scale, reported their gender, age and weekly hours of physical activity. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that the experiencing of physical activity-related obsessive- and harmonious passion differed between the 2 countries and Hungarian women scored significantly higher on harmonious and obsessive passion than Spanish women. However, Hungarian men only scored significantly higher on obsessive passion, but not harmonious passion compared to Spanish men. These results suggest that gender and cultural differences are likely to affect the interpretation and generalisation of research on passion and exercise.

Resilience in Adapted Paddle coaches / La resiliencia en entrenadores de Pádel Adaptado

In Sport, most research on resilience is focused on athletes, with quite a low amount on coaches, especially regarding adapted sport. Therefore, the aims of this research are: to describe the resilience characteristics of Adapted paddle coaches by developing specific scales for the sample under study; to establish possible differences in the total resilience levels considering different personal and sport variables; to establish possible relationships between the resilience levels of Adapted Paddle Coaches and the age and experience variables; to compare the resilience levels within the current sample with results in previous studies; and to evaluate reliability levels obtained with the resilience scale used. The sample comprised 111 adapted paddle coaches, to whom two questionnaires were given: a sociodemographic one for adapted paddle coaches (Ruiz, 2004; Ruiz-Barquín, De la Vega, De la Rocha y Batista, 2015a) and the Spanish version of resilience (Ruiz, De la Vega, Poveda, Rosado & Serpa, 2012). The results conclude that the sample group has a large percentage of coaches with high resilience (35.10%), showing higher levels than those in previous studies, and appropriate reliability levels. The absence of significant differences, taking into account the personal and sport variables, and the implications of practices deriving from the results obtained, are discussed in the article (AU)

En el Deporte, la mayoría de los estudios sobre resiliencia se han centrado en deportistas, siendo reducido el número de investigaciones con entrenadores, sobre todo en el ámbito del deporte adaptado. Por ello, los objetivos del trabajo son: describir las características de resiliencia de entrenadores de Pádel Adaptado desarrollando baremos específicos para muestra analizada; establecer posibles diferencias en los niveles de resiliencia considerando variables personales y deportivas; establecer posibles relaciones entre los niveles de resiliencia, la edad y experiencia; comparar los niveles de resiliencia de la presente muestra con los resultados de estudios precedentes y determinar los niveles de fiabilidad obtenidos con la escala de resiliencia utilizada. La muestra estaba integrada por 111 entrenadores de pádel adaptado, a los que se aplicó dos instrumentos: cuestionario sociodemográfico para entrenadores de Pádel Adaptado (Ruiz, 2004; RuizBarquín, De la Vega, De la Rocha y Batista, 2015a) y la adaptación al castellano del cuestionario de Resiliencia (Ruiz, De la Vega, Poveda, Rosado y Serpa, 2012). Los resultados señalan un alto porcentaje de entrenadores con alta resiliencia (35.10%), mostrando niveles superiores a anteriores estudios y adecuados niveles de fiabilidad. La ausencia de diferencias significativas considerando las variables personales y deportivas, y las implicaciones de prácticas derivadas de los resultados obtenidos, son discutidas (AU)

Induced beliefs about a fictive energy drink influences 200-m sprint performance.

Placebo and nocebo effects occur in response to subjective expectations and their subsequent neural actions. Research shows that information shapes expectations that, consequently, influence people's behaviour. In this study, we examined the effects of a fictive and inert green colour energy drink provided for three groups (n = 20/group) with different information. The first group was led to expect that the drink augments running performance (positive information), the second group was led to expect that the drink may or may not improve performance (partial-positive information), while the third group was told that earlier research could not demonstrate that the drink improves performance (neutral/control). At baseline, the three groups did not differ in their 200-m sprint performance (p > .05). One week later, 20-min immediately after ingesting the drink, all participants again ran 200 m. The positive information group increased its performance by 2.41 s, which was statistically significant (p < .001) and also perceived its sprint-time shorter (p < .05) than the other two groups. A better performance (0.97 s) that approached but did not reach statistical significance was also noted in the partial-positive information group, and a lesser change (0.72 s) that was statistically not significant was noted in the neutral information control group. These results reveal that drinking an inert liquid, primed with positive information, changes both the actual and the self-perceived time on a 200-m sprint. The current findings also suggest that the level of certainty of the information might be linked to the magnitude of change in performance.

Programa de intervención basada en el coaching en jóvenes deportistas de alto rendimiento, y su relación con la percepción de bienestar y salud psicológica / Programa intervenção baseada no coaching no desempenho atletas jovens, e sua relação com a percepção de bem-estar ea saúde psicológica / Intervention program based on coaching in young high performance athletes and their relationship with the perception of well-being and psychological health

El objetivo de este trabajo es el de estudiar el efecto de un programa de coaching sobre la percepción de la salud general y emocional (medido con el GHQ-12; Sánchez-López y Dresch, 2008) y el bienestar psicológico (medido con el EBP; Díaz et al., 2006) en un grupo de jóvenes atletas de alto rendimiento. Los resultados indican que el grupo experimental (n = 38), tras la realización del programa de coaching (con un promedio de 4 a 6 sesiones y 45 a 60 minutos por sesión), mejora su percepción de bienestar y salud psicológica. Estos cambios no se observan en el grupo control (n = 41). Se concluye que cuando una intervención en coaching aporta mejoras en la vida de la persona es posible que se favorezca su percepción de bienestar y salud psicológica (AU)

The aim of this work is to study the effect of a coaching program on the perception of general and emotional health (measured by the GHQ-12; Sánchez-López and Dresch, 2008) and the psychological well-being (measured using the EBP; Diaz et al, 2006) in a group of young elite athletes. The results indicate that the experimental group (n = 38), after completion of the coaching program (with an average of 4-6 sessions, and 45-60 minutes per session), improved their perception of well-being and psychological health. These changes are not observed in the control group (n = 41). We conclude that when a coaching intervention makes improvements in the life of the person is possible that the psychological well-being and the perception of his/her health are also enhanced (AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o efeito de um programa de treinamento sobre a percepção da saúde geral e emocional (medida pelo GHQ-12; Sánchez-López e Dresch, 2008) e bem-estar psicológico (medido com EBP; Diaz et al, 2006) em um grupo de atletas jovens de alto desempenho .. Os resultados indicam que o grupo experimental (n = 38) após a conclusão do programa de treinamento (com uma média de quatro a seis sessões e 45 a 60 minutos por sessão), melhora a percepção de bem-estar e saúde psicológica. Estas mudanças não são observados no grupo de controlo (n = 41). Conclui-se que, quando uma intervenção de coaching traz melhorias na vida da pessoa é possível que a sua percepção de bem-estar e saúde psicológica é favorecido (AU)

The Effects of Modifying the Distance of the Penalty Shot in Water Polo.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of changing the distance of the penalty shot in water polo from 4 to 5 m. While a shorter distance made the penalty shot more effective, it also reduced the use of this sanction. A total of 192 matches played in the 2003 and 2007 Water Polo World Championships were recorded. The sample included 278 penalty shots in both tournaments. Notational analysis using a longitudinal correlational and descriptive design was employed to determine whether a longer distance increased the number of sanctioned penalties (81 vs 197) and caused a non-significant decrease in scoring efficiency (7.4%) with significant differences in the relationship between the area and the type of a shot, with less centre and power shots (14.8% vs 7.1%) observed and predominance of bounce shots to the right of the goal posts. The rule change prompted more penalties, produced changes in shot direction as well as the type of a shot, and yielded a decrement of 7.4% in scoring efficiency.

Superstitious behavior in sport: A literature review.

The objective of this first literature review, in this area, is to unveil the current status of knowledge on superstition in sport. Its outcome reveals that superstitious behaviors vary with the type of sport, athletic level, as well as athletic role. In agreement with past theories, they increase with the level of challenge, as reflected by the importance of the competition, as well as with the level of uncertainty. Cultural factors, in conjunction with the education level, as well as gender, have a strong influence on superstitious behaviors in sports. Based on current thoughts, religiosity and superstition are different psychological constructs used as psychological aids by several athletes. Personality factors appear to mediate the manifestation of the behavior. Elite athletes are clearly more superstitious than non-elite athletes, An interaction between athletic skill and task-difficulty emerges to be another strong predictor of superstition in sport. It is evident that a set of complex personal and situational factors interact in the manifestation of superstitious behavior in sport that is used for the regulation of emotions in a quest for optimal performance. It is concluded that the objective benefits (i.e., success) of superstition in sport may be ascribed to the placebo effect that yields an increased sense of control and mental reassurance in unpredictable contest situations.

Exercise Addiction in Athletes and Leisure Exercisers: The Moderating Role of Passion.

Background and aims Recently, empirical research has linked obsessive passion to the etiology of exercise addiction, and the conceptual reason behind the fact that the latter is more prevalent in athletes than leisure exercisers has been challenged. The aim of this study was to determine the link between exercise addiction and harmonious passion, obsessive passion, and dedication to sports, in the context of athletic levels. Method A sample comprised of low- and high-level competitive athletes and non-competitive leisure exercisers (n = 313) was examined, in a cross-sectional design, in which participants completed the Spanish validated versions of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (Sicilia, Alías-García, Ferriz, & Moreno-Murcia, 2013) and Passion Scale (Chamarro et al., 2015). Results Obsessive passion and dedication to sports emerged as strong predictors of exercise addiction. Competitive athletes scored higher than leisure exercisers on all measures. Athletes competing at low and high levels only differed in dedication to their sports from each other. Team-sports athletes reported greater harmonious and obsessive passions, and dedication to sports, but not different exercise addictions, than people taking part in individual sports. Conclusions The concept of exercise addiction is not a plain and independent construct and may not reflect a psychological dysfunction in the athletic population. Athletes could interpret exercise addiction screening-items differently from non-athletes. Athletes in team sports report greater passion and dedication than those practicing individual sports.

Comparative sport injury epidemiological study on a Spanish sample of 25 different sports / Estudio epidemiológico comparativo sobre lesiones deportivas en una muestra española de 25 distintos deportes / Estudo epidemiológico comparativo sobre lesões esportivas em uma amostra espanhola de 25 esportes diferentes

Sport injury is a widely extended morbidity condition. However, epidemiological studies are far from giving a convergent outlook. Moreover, there is a lack of studies comparing relative risks of different groups of sports. The present paper is aimed to carry out a descriptive epidemiological study of sport injuries of athletes from 25 sport modalities in order to identify risk factors as well as to compare epidemiological characteristics according to the different sport groups. A sample of 297 athletes from different sport federations in the region of Madrid (Spain) were assessed using a protocol comprising a section about the sport being practiced and a section about injury incidence. Due to the wide variety of sport modalities, the sample was classified into four groups according to the Blázquez and Hernández Moreno’s (1984) sports classification. Results showed no gender but age differences in injury incidence. They also showed differences in terms of injury frequency and severity (elapsed time between the injury and the returning to sport practice) among sport groups, being athletes practicing co-operation-opposition sports those who seemed to be more at risk. There were also differences regarding internal/external causes and when the injury was sustained. The global exposure injury rate (training and competition) rose to 4.1 injuries/1.000 hours

La lesión deportiva es una condición de morbilidad ampliamente extendida. Sin embargo, los estudios epidemiológicos están lejos de dar una perspectiva convergente. Por otra parte, apenas hay estudios que comparen los riesgos relativos de distintas modalidades deportivas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo llevar a cabo un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo sobre lesiones deportivas en deportistas de 25 modalidades con el fin de identificar los factores de riesgo, así como comparar las características epidemiológicas de acuerdo a los diferentes grupos deportivos. Para ello, se evaluó a una muestra de 297 atletas de diferentes federaciones deportivas de la región de Madrid (España) a través de un protocolo que incluía una sección sobre el deporte practicado y una sección acerca de la incidencia de lesiones. Debido a la amplia variedad de modalidades deportivas, la muestra se categorizó en cuatro grupos de acuerdo a la clasificación de deportes de Blázquez y Hernández Moreno (1984). Los resultados no mostraron diferencias de género, pero sí de edad en lo que se refiere a la incidencia de lesiones. También mostraron diferencias entre los grupos deportivos en frecuencia de lesiones y gravedad (medida como tiempo transcurrido hasta la vuelta a la práctica deportiva), siendo el grupo de cooperación-oposición aquél que aparecía con mayor riesgo. Hubo también diferencias en cuanto las causas (internas/externas) y cuándo se produjo la lesión. La tasa de incidencia de lesiones en función de la exposición global (entrenamientos y partidos) alcanzó las 4.1 lesiones/1.000 horas

A lesão esportiva é uma condição de morbidade generalizada. No entanto, os estudos epidemiológicos estão ainda longe de dar umdirecionamento. Por outro lado, há poucos estudos que façam a comparação entre os riscos relativos de diferentes grupos esportivos. Por esta razão, opresente estudo tem como objetivo realizar um estudo epidemiológico descritivo de lesões esportivas de 25 modalidades com o fim de identificar osfatores de risco assim como comparar as características epidemiológicas segundo os diferentes tipos de grupos esportivos. Foi avaliada uma amostra de297 atletas de diferentes federações esportivas da região de Madrid (Espanha) a partir de um protocolo que incluía uma parte sobre o esporte aplicado eoutra parte sobre a incidência de lesões. Por causa da ampla variedade de modalidades esportivas, a amostra foi caracterizada em quatro grupos deacordo com a classificação de esportes de Blázquez e Hernández Moreno (1984). Os resultados não mostraram diferenças de gênero, mas sim no que se refere a idade e a incidência de lesão. Do mesmo jeito os resultados mostraram diferenças na frequência de lesões e gravidade (medida como tempopassado até a volta da prática esportiva) entre os grupos esportivos, sendo o grupo de cooperação-oposição o que apresentou-se como de maior risco.Também houve diferenças enquanto as causas (internas/externas) da lesão e quando se produzirão. A taxa de incidência de lesões em função da exposiçãoglobal (treinamento e competições) mostrou que 4.1 lesões/1.000 horas

Satisfacción con la vida y autoeficacia en jugadores de baloncesto en silla de ruedas / Life satisfaction and self-efficacy in wheelchair basketball players / Satisfação com a vida e autoeficácia em jogadores de basquetebol e cadeira de rodas

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre satisfacción con la vida, y autoeficacia de movilidad en personas con discapacidad física que practican baloncesto en silla de ruedas. El estudio siguió un diseño ex post facto. La muestra fue de 103 participantes. Las mediciones se mostraron fiables, con altos coeficientes de consistencia interna. Los deportistas declararon altos niveles de satisfacción con la vida y de autoeficacia de movilidad en silla de ruedas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en dichas variables en función del nivel de excelencia competitiva. Se concluye que la satisfacción con la vida está más relacionada con la percepción de autoeficacia de movilidad en silla de ruedas que con la edad o la clasificación funcional de los deportistas

The main aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between life satisfaction and mobility self-efficacy in wheelchair basketball players. The study was developed with an ex post facto design. 103 people with physical disabilities took part in this study. The measurements were reliable, with high internal consistency. Subjects showed high levels of satisfaction with life and self-efficacy of mobility in a wheelchair. There were no outstanding differences in these variables in relation to the level of sporting excellence. Satisfaction with life was more related to the perception of wheelchair mobility self-efficacy than to age or functional classification as a sportsperson

objectivo do estudo foi analisar a relação entre satisfação com a vida, e autoeficácia de mobilidade em pessoas com incapacidade físicaque praticam basquetebol em cadeira de rodas. O estudo seguiu um delineamento ex post facto. A amostra foi constituída por 103 participantes. As medidas revelaram ser fiáveis, com altos coeficientes de consistência interna. Os atletas revelaram altos níveis de satisfação com a vida e de autoe-ficácia de mobilidade em cadeira de rodas. Não se verificaram diferenças significativas nestas variáveis em função do nível de excelência competi-tiva. Conclui-se que a satisfação com a vida está mais relacionada com a percepção de autoeficácia de mobilidade em cadeira de rodas que com aidade ou a classificação funcional dos desportistas